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This will be referred to as the 12:00 position. Place a mark on the tyre sidewall at the location of the valve stem. The procedure used to accomplish this is called match-mounting or system matching: 1. The next step is to determine if the run-out problem exists in the tyre, wheel or a combination of both, then to correct it. If the run-out is excessive, mark the location of the high and low spot on the tyre and the wheel. This may not always hold true but is a general rule that may serve to initially isolate a problem to the front or rear. Tyre/wheel vibrations felt in the seat or floor are most likely related to the rear tyre/ wheel assemblies. Tyre/wheel vibrations felt in the steering wheel are most likely related to the front tyre/wheel assemblies.
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The exception to this would be if the tyres display an irregular tread pattern or flat spots, causing a ‘growling’ or ‘slapping’ noise. For this reason, first-order tyre vibrations rarely produce a noise. The available range of human hearing begins at 20 Hz. The smaller the tyre, the faster it will rotate at any given speed. This will usually be in the 10–20 Hz range, depending on the speed of the vehicle and the size of the tyre. The frequency of the vibration will correspond to the first-order of tyre rotation. Īt low speed (10 to 60 km/h) the customer may complain of a ‘waddle’ (see Section 16.3.6 Lateral force variation).The vibration will ‘feel’ like a shake, usually in the steering wheel or seat. If the vibration is affected by the speed of the engine, or is eliminated by placing the transmission in neutral and coast down test vehicle, then it is not related to the components in this group. We include User’s Guide with tips for anyone wishing to conduct a vibration study.The following are symptoms of first-order vibrations caused by tyre/wheel assemblies: Our taxonomy makes explicit this and other distinctions between different illusory effects. More complex illusions involve other sensory modalities and external objects, and provide important clues regarding the hidden role of proprioception, our ‘silent’ sense. The best-known vibration illusions concern one’s own body and can be classified as ‘first-order’ due to a direct link between activity in muscle spindles and the percept. Tactile and visual cues play an important role, and so does movement, imagined or real. Contextual (gestalt) factors concern the relationship of the vibrated body part to the rest of the body and the environment. Local factors that determine the illusory effect of vibration include properties of the vibration stimulus such as its frequency, amplitude and duration, and properties of the vibrated muscle, such as contraction and fatigue.
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We review factors that influence them, propose their classification in a scheme that links this area of research to perception theory, and provide practical suggestions to researchers. However, these illusions are not easy to elicit in a consistent manner. Attributed to the activation of muscle spindles, these and related effects are of great interest as a tool in research on proprioception, for rehabilitation of sensorimotor function and for multisensory immersive virtual environments. Neck muscle vibration results in illusory motion of visual and auditory stimuli. Limb muscle vibration creates an illusory limb movement in the direction corresponding to lengthening of the vibrated muscle.